EU Energy Transition Process: Key Challenges and Limitations

Sokol Zeneli & Cristopher de la Torre

This research report offers a comprehensive analysis of the European Union’s ambitious path toward climate neutrality by 2050, examining the transition from high-level policy frameworks like the European Green Deal and REPowerEU to concrete implementation. It explores how recent geopolitical shocks, particularly the energy crisis triggered by the invasion of Ukraine, have accelerated the need for energy diversification and strategic autonomy, effectively forcing the EU to recalibrate its approach to security of supply. By detailing the legislative backbone—including the "Fit for 55" package - the authors highlight how the EU is attempting to balance environmental goals with economic resilience.

Beyond the regulatory landscape, the study critically assesses the material and technical "headwinds" facing the bloc, specifically regarding the scaling of green hydrogen and the secure procurement of Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) like lithium and rare earths. It warns that the transition risks trading a dependency on fossil fuels for a new reliance on imported minerals, arguing that domestic efforts must be coupled with robust international "Green Diplomacy" and strategic partnerships. Ultimately, the report posits that successful diversification - supported by updated infrastructure and global cooperation - is the sine qua non for achieving a sustainable and secure European energy future.